World Markets Simplified

Banks in the biggest emerging markets are losing the confidence of investors as loans turn sour after a two-year credit binge.

Brazil's financial shares have lost more this year than counterparts in crisis-stricken Europe as consumer defaults hit a 12-month high in June and borrowing costs climbed to 46 percent. Bank stocks in China are trading at lower valuations than global emerging-market indexes for the first time since 2006. The country faces a financial crisis with bad debt that may jump to 30 percent of total loans, Fitch Ratings said.

In India, the cost of insuring banks against default has climbed to the highest level in a year. Loan-loss provisions at State Bank of India (SBIN), the nation's largest lender, rose 77 percent in the first three months of 2011, while net income fell 99 percent.

"People are beginning to smell the credit cycle turning," Michael Shaoul, chairman of Marketfield Asset Management and chief executive officer of New York-based brokerage Oscar Gruss & Son, said in an interview. "Credit cycles have tremendous momentum, and whenever they turn you want to pay attention," said Shaoul, who recommends selling high-yield bonds in emerging markets and betting on further losses in bank shares.

Loans to Brazilian shoppers, Chinese infrastructure projects and Indian developers have fueled the global economic recovery and turned emerging-market banks into some of the world's biggest companies by market value. Now increased debt burdens threaten growth as central banks raise interest rates to fight inflation, U.S. hiring stalls and Europe deepens austerity measures. China and Brazil may see expansion cut by at least 50 percent in the next few years, according to economic consulting firms A. Gary Shilling & Co. and Capital Economics Ltd.

Citigroup, HSBC

A slowdown would curb profits at global banks including New York-based Citigroup Inc. (C) and London-based HSBC Holdings Plc (HSBA), which boosted lending in the fastest-expanding economies to fuel growth after the U.S. credit bubble burst in 2008. Prices of commodities such as copper are vulnerable to a drop in demand from China, the world's biggest consumer of the metal, said Gary Shilling, who founded the Springfield, New Jersey-based firm bearing his name and predicted the U.S. recession that began in December 2007.

"China isn't this juggernaut that's going to grow forever without any interruption," Shilling said in a July 14 interview with Bloomberg Television's Betty Liu, adding that the government may be forced to bail out banks as bad debts grow.

China Loan Surge

Chinese lenders expanded credit at a record pace in 2009 and 2010, making more than 17.5 trillion yuan ($2.7 trillion) of new loans as the government moved to offset a collapse in exports during the global recession. The surge in loans exceeded credit expansions in the U.S. before its financial crisis, in Japan before its stock and property bubbles collapsed in 1990 and in South Korea before the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, according to Fitch.

Brazil's annual credit-growth rate accelerated to as high as 34 percent in September 2008, the fastest since at least 1995, before moderating. The pace has picked up again, exceeding 19 percent for 11 months through June, central bank data show.

Andreia de Matos Esmeraldo, a babysitter and housecleaner in Rio de Janeiro, is one of the reasons. The 43-year-old resident of Rocinha, Rio's biggest slum, carries her HSBC credit-card statement in her purse as a reminder that using the card to purchase clothes and shoes isn't free. The bill shows an annual interest rate of 456 percent on 3,000 reais ($1,936) of debt she ran up that she has agreed to pay off in installments.

'Love to Shop'

"I love to shop, it gives me this personal satisfaction," Esmeraldo, who also sells products for Natura Cosmeticos SA (NATU3), Brazil's largest cosmetics company, said in an interview. "But two days later I feel sick because I have to pay it back."

Credit is expanding in developing nations after a decade of relative economic stability. Brazil has experienced boom-and- bust cycles of inflation, currency devaluations and interest- rate swings since the end of military government in 1985. Almost half of Chinese bank loans turned sour following the Asian financial crisis, while hundreds of Russian banks were shut when the government defaulted on $40 billion of ruble debt in 1998.

Most governments in the largest emerging markets are now strong enough to prevent an increase in bad debt from hobbling their banking systems, Amer Bisat, a former senior economist at the International Monetary Fund who manages money at hedge fund Traxis Partners LP in New York, said in a phone interview.

'Cushion of Savings'

China has $3.2 trillion of foreign-exchange reserves, the world's largest holdings. Brazil, India and Russia control a combined stash of about $1 trillion. The average debt burden in the four largest emerging economies, known as the BRICs after Goldman Sachs Group Inc. coined the term in 2001, is 40 percent of gross domestic product, compared with 102 percent for developed nations, according to IMF estimates.

"So long as the economy continues to grow at trend, the system can take a significant amount of banking problems," Bisat said. "The cushion of savings through reserves is so big that a lot of problems can be absorbed."

Surging profits during the past two years boosted the capital cushion of developing-nation banks. Lenders in the MSCI BRIC Index have an average Tier 1 capital ratio of 11.1 percent, up from 10.3 percent in 2009, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. That compares with the 11.8 percent average for banks in the MSCI World (MXWO) Index for developed countries. Banco Bradesco SA (BBDC4), Brazil's second-largest lender by market value, has a Tier 1 ratio of 14.7 percent, data compiled by Bloomberg show.

Capital Requirements

"Brazilian banks are well-capitalized," Will Landers, who runs Latin America equity funds for BlackRock Inc., the world's largest money manager, said in a July 5 interview on Bloomberg Television. "We're really not worried about any type of banking crisis."

Policy makers have already taken steps to slow credit growth. Brazil raised reserve and capital requirements on some loans in December, doubled to 3 percent a tax on consumer credit in April and required banks to hold more capital against certain credit-card loans last month. The Reserve Bank of India has asked lenders to set aside more cash for bad loans and double provisions for restructured debt.

China raised banks' reserve requirements 12 times since the beginning of 2010. The China Banking Regulatory Commission told lenders last month that they haven't set aside sufficient funds to cover losses on loans to local governments and ordered them to accelerate debt collection, a person with knowledge of the matter said.

Struggle to Grow

"China as a country has the capacity to be able to absorb" increased defaults, Piyush Gupta, CEO of Singapore- based DBS Group Holdings Ltd., southeast Asia's largest bank, said in a July 19 interview on Bloomberg Television.

China's leaders maintained economic growth of at least 7.6 percent in the late 1990s even after bad debt jumped to more than 40 percent of total loans, according to data compiled by Bloomberg and "Red Capitalism" authors Carl E. Walter and Fraser J.T. Howie.

This time around emerging countries may struggle to grow out of their debt problems because demand from the U.S. and Europe is slowing, said Richard Duncan, a partner at Singapore- based Blackhorse Asset Management who was a consultant to the IMF during the Asian financial crisis and has worked for the World Bank as a financial-industry specialist.

The U.S. jobless rate climbed for a third straight month in June to 9.2 percent. Retail sales in Europe, where policy makers are struggling to solve sovereign debt crises in member countries including Greece and Portugal, sank 1.1 percent in May for the biggest decline since April 2010.

'Excess Capacity'

In the past, emerging countries' export growth "helped them overcome a lot of bad mistakes in the banking sector," Duncan, the author of "The Corruption of Capitalism," said in a phone interview. Now in China, "they have massive excess capacity, which they financed with credit, and no one to sell the capacity to," Duncan said.

China's local governments, which the National Audit Office estimates have 10.7 trillion yuan of debt, are struggling to repay their obligations after the People's Bank of China lifted its main lending rate five times since October 2010. About a third of local government financing vehicles, used to get around laws prohibiting direct borrowing, don't have cash flow to service their debt, according to China's banking regulator.

Yichun City Construction Investment & Development Co., an investment vehicle for the city of about 1.3 million people near China's border with Russia, sold 1.2 billion yuan of bonds in 2009 backed only by a pledge from the local government and possible future land sales.

Warrior Princesses

Money raised from the sale is being used for the destruction of what the prospectus calls "shanty towns." Single-floor traditional wooden homes in the valley are being demolished to make way for thousands of low-income apartments.

The company has also financed a new reservoir, an airport terminal and parklands, one featuring faux Corinthian columns topped by winged warrior princesses and bronze sculptures of chariot-riding gods. The Yichun financing vehicle would have lost money every year from 2006 to 2008 except for direct government subsidies.

Fitch cited financing vehicles and property-related lending as primary areas of concern when it said in April it may cut the country's local-currency debt rating. China has the worst grade in Fitch's three-level scale of potential for systemic stress. Sixty percent of countries that received the score had banking crises within a few years, according to a June 21 presentation by the ratings company.

Cutting Estimates

An increase in Chinese banks' bad-debt ratio to 30 percent is "not inconceivable," Andrew Colquhoun, head of Fitch's Asia-Pacific sovereign debt unit, said on an April 13 conference call. Moody's Investors Service estimates nonperforming loans may climb as high as 18 percent in a "stress" case, according to a July 5 statement. China's total bad loan ratio was 1.1 percent at the end of 2010, according to the central bank.

Investors are cutting their estimates for the value of Chinese bank assets. The MSCI China Financials Index's price-to- book ratio, a measure of share prices relative to net assets, has tumbled to 1.8, the lowest level since February 2009, from 2.8 two years ago, according to monthly data compiled by Bloomberg. The ratio for Chinese lenders slipped below that of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index on June 21 for the first time since January 2006, data compiled by Bloomberg show.

Industrial & Commercial Bank of China (601398) Ltd., the world's largest lender by market value, slumped 8.2 percent since the end of March even after saying bad loans dropped almost 4 percent in the first quarter.

'Increasingly Tangible'

Credit-default swaps on Bank of China Ltd. (3988), the nation's third-largest lender by assets, jumped to 153 basis points from 106 on March 31, according to data compiled by Bloomberg and CMA, which is owned by CME Group Inc. and compiles prices quoted by dealers in privately negotiated markets.

"We expect Chinese banks' nonperforming loans to rise noticeably over the next few years," Liao Qiang, a director at Standard & Poor's in Beijing, said in an e-mailed response to questions on July 21. "This could be increasingly tangible as policy tightening continues."

Brazil's biggest lender, Itau Unibanco Holding SA (ITUB4), raised its default-rate forecast for 2011 to between 4.5 percent and 4.6 percent on July 11. The Sao Paulo-based bank had forecast a rate of 4.2 percent to 4.5 percent. Itau's shares have tumbled 21 percent this year, helping to drag down the MSCI Brazil Financials Index by 19 percent in local currency terms. That compares with a 12 percent retreat in Europe's Stoxx 600 Banks Index and a 7.3 percent drop in the S&P 500 Financials Index. (S5FINL)

Brazilians' Burden

Credit Suisse Group AG lowered its rating of Itau on July 26 to "neutral" from "outperform" and cut its earnings forecasts for Brazilian banks by an average of 4 percent this year on concern that higher provisioning costs will crimp industry profits.

Brazilians' debt burdens are rising after the central bank lifted its benchmark interest rate five times this year to the highest level since March 2009. The average interest rate on consumer loans was 46.1 percent in June, up from 40.6 percent in December, according to the central bank. The average rate on company loans increased to 30.8 percent from 27.9 percent.

Loan payments by Brazilian consumers climbed to 26 percent of disposable income in March, up from 24 percent a year earlier. The rising costs of debt signals Brazil's consumers are "overstretched," Neil Shearing, a senior emerging-markets economist at Capital Economics in London, wrote in a July 12 report.

'Lower Echelon'

A retrenchment may drag down Brazil's economic growth rate to 2.5 percent in 2013, from 7.6 percent last year, according to Shearing. That compares with the 4.5 percent median forecast in a Bloomberg News survey.

"The people doing the borrowing are the people in the lower echelon in terms of income, and that's worrisome," Simon Nocera, a co-founder of San Francisco-based hedge fund Lumen Advisors LLC and a former economist at the IMF, said in an interview. Nonperforming loans "will be higher than previous credit cycles."

Borrowing costs for Brazil's mid-sized banks are climbing amid speculation that loan losses will increase. Yields on Banco Bonsucesso SA's dollar bonds due in 2020 rose 85 basis points this year to 10.6 percent after Moody's cut its outlook in December for lenders specializing in payroll-deductible loans, which are deducted directly from workers' salaries.

Banco Panamericano SA (BPNM4), which was bailed out with a 2.5 billion-real loan from its controlling shareholder in November after suspected accounting fraud, increased its assets to $8.1 billion as of September from $4.4 billion two years earlier, data compiled by Bloomberg show. Banco Cruzeiro do Sul SA, which focuses on payroll-deductible loans, has seen its assets rise to $7.2 billion from $2.7 billion during the past three years, the data show.

'New Reality'

"Banks will have to face a new reality," Brigitte Posch, emerging-markets portfolio manager at Pacific Investment Management Co., which oversees about $1.3 trillion worldwide, said at the Bloomberg Brazil conference in New York on July 14. "That will affect the relative value of those bonds, and we don't think it's the right moment to invest in the mid-sized banks sector in Brazil."

In India, debt ratings for companies are deteriorating at the fastest pace since 2009 as slower economic growth and 11 interest-rate increases by the central bank since March 2010 heighten the risk of defaults. ICRA Ltd., the local unit of Moody's, lowered rankings for 34 borrowers last quarter, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

Stress Tests

Indian lenders' nonperforming assets may rise 25 percent in the year ending March 31, 2012, to 2.92 percent, the central bank said on June 14 after conducting stress tests. The Indian banking system is under pressure and higher provisioning is "imminent" if regulators want to control asset quality, Diwakar Gupta, Mumbai-based managing director and chief financial officer of State Bank of India, said on July 2.

Bad loans "are going to rise because we will have to pass on the rate increase," the bank's chairman, Pratip Chaudhuri, told reporters in Mumbai after the central bank increased borrowing costs on July 26. "Interest-rate sensitive sectors like real estate and education loans will most definitely be affected," Chaudhuri said.

Ghanshyam Kulwal, 46, an exporter of towels and sheets in Mumbai, is feeling the squeeze. He bought a two-bedroom apartment in the suburb of Kandivali in 2003 for his wife and two children, taking a loan from what was then ABN Amro Bank NV at a floating rate of 6 percent. Today he's paying 12.5 percent.

"The government's one-point agenda to check inflation by raising rates has led to common people like me suffering a lot," Kulwal said.

ICICI Swaps

The cost of insuring State Bank of India's bonds against non-payment with five-year credit-default swaps increased as much as 48 basis points this year to 208 on July 18, the highest since July 2010, according to CMA. Swaps for ICICI Bank Ltd., the second-biggest Indian lender, jumped by as much as 54 basis points to a 12-month high of 253 on July 19.

"Whenever you have a period of high growth and the macroeconomic picture changes, there will always be an issue" with credit quality, said Sampath Kumar, an analyst at brokerage India Infoline Ltd. in Mumbai.

Lenders in other emerging economies are also showing signs of stress. Bank of Moscow needed the biggest bailout in Russian history last month after racking up at least 150 billion rubles ($5.4 billion) of unsecured bad loans. The $14 billion rescue of the country's fifth-largest bank signaled Russian lenders' health may be "substantially worse" than most investors judge, Carroll Colley, a director at New York-based research firm Eurasia Group, wrote in a July 8 report.

Turkish Boom

Russian lenders accounting for 51 percent of the banking system's assets failed central bank stress tests this year. Losses in the stress scenario may amount to 5.2 percent of gross domestic product, Bank Rossii said in an April report.

In Turkey, annual credit growth of more than 30 percent has fueled a boom in domestic demand that widened the country's 12- month current-account deficit to a record $68.2 billion in May. The combination of loose credit and a growing trade gap makes Turkey's financial system vulnerable to a drop in risk appetite, according to Shaoul, whose $741 million Marketfield Fund has climbed 7.3 percent during the past year, beating 66 percent of peers, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.

Banco Santander

Souring loans in emerging markets could affect global banks. Banco Santander SA (SAN) shares sank 3.2 percent on July 27 after Spain's biggest lender reported a 32 percent surge in loan-loss provisions in Brazil, an increase that surprised investors, according to Daragh Quinn, an analyst at Nomura International in Madrid.

Citigroup, the third-largest U.S. bank, gets more than half of its profit from emerging markets, CEO Vikram Pandit, 54, said in March. Consumer lending in Asia jumped 41 percent in the two years through June to $66.7 billion, as deposits rose 27.7 percent. In India, Pandit's native country, the bank boosted lending to corporate clients by 33 percent in the year ended March 31. Loans to small and medium enterprises jumped 35 percent, according to a company statement.

While second-quarter revenue from its consumer bank's Latin American and Asian units rose a combined 13 percent to $4.46 billion, profit fell 14 percent.

"They will have to rein in what has obviously been a real surge in consumer lending," said Richard Staite, a London-based analyst with Atlantic Equities, who has an "overweight" rating on Citigroup shares. "Investors will want reassurance going forward about the level of credit quality."

'Well-Balanced'

Citigroup has a "well-balanced, focused growth strategy in the emerging markets," Jon Diat, a New York-based spokesman, said in an e-mailed statement. "In India and Brazil, Citi has a very focused consumer strategy that targets the most creditworthy clients, and our corporate business works closely with top-tier local corporate and multinational entities."

Second-quarter earnings reports may provide more clues on the outlook for nonperforming loans and bank earnings in emerging markets. At least 126 companies in the MSCI Emerging Markets Financials Index are scheduled to report results in the next 30 days, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. Last quarter, profits missed analysts' estimates by 3 percent on average, the data show.

"We are only at the beginning," said Mohamed Abdel-Hadi, whose HC GEM Sector Rotation Fund has climbed 7.4 percent this year, beating 86 percent of peers, in part because of bets that financial stocks would underperform. "Over the next few quarters, we expect to see NPLs rising across emerging-market banks."

Consumer price inflation in the Republic of Korea accelerated to 4.7% year-on-year (y-o-y) in July from 4.4% in June while in Viet Nam it rose to 22.2% y-o-y in July compared with 20.8% in June. In Singapore, consumer price inflation surged to 5.2% y-o-y in June from 4.5% in May on account of higher costs for housing, transport, and food. In Japan, consumer price inflation eased to 0.2% y-o-y in June from 0.3% in May. 

* On 28 July, the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) decided to keep the rates steady for its overnight borrowing and overnight lending facilities at 4.5% and 6.5%, respectively. Meanwhile, the reserve requirement ratio for banks and non-bank financial institutions (with a quasi-banking license) was raised by 1 percentage point from 20% to 21%, effective 5 August. 

* Last week, Standard & Poor's (S&P) lowered Malaysia's local currency (LCY) long-term sovereign credit rating from A+ to A with a stable outlook following the implementation of a revised methodology for sovereign ratings. Meanwhile, S&P affirmed Malaysia's LCY short-term rating at A-1 and foreign currency (FCY) long-term and short-term ratings at A- and A-2, respectively. 

* In Hong Kong, China, a trade deficit of HKD40.3 billion was recorded in June. In the Republic of Korea, merchandise trade surplus widened to USD7.2 billion in July from USD2.8 billion in June on the back of strong export growth. In the Philippines, the trade deficit in goods climbed to USD780 million in May. In Thailand, the trade surplus was registered at USD1.9 billion in June. 

* The Republic of Korea's gross domestic product (GDP) grew 3.4% y-o-y in 2Q11, based on advanced estimates of The Bank of Korea. Industrial output in the Republic of Korea grew 6.4% y-o-y in June. In the People's Republic of China (PRC), manufacturing PMI fell for the fourth straight month in July to 50.7. In the Philippines, the volume of production index for total manufacturing eased in May to 0.9% y-o-y from 2.7% in April. In Singapore, manufacturing output expanded 10.5% y-o-y in June, while in Thailand manufacturing production increased for the first time in 5 months to 3.3% y-o-y in June. In Viet Nam, the index of industrial production increased 9.6% y-o-y in July, down from 12.7% growth posted in June. 

* Notable issuance from emerging East Asia last week included Citic Pacific's CNH1 billion 5-year bond at a yield of 2.3% and China Resources Land's additional USD250 million via a tap on its 5-year bonds issued in May. Hong Kong, China issued inflation-linked iBonds for the first time, offering HKD10.0 billion worth of 3-year bonds. Also, Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad (Prasarana) priced MYR2 billion worth of 10- and 15-year Islamic medium-term notes. Korea South-East Power (KOSEP) issued a USD300 million 5.5-year bond at a coupon rate of 3.625%. Singapore's real estate developer Wing Tai Holdings issued a total of SGD125 million of senior notes last week. Thailand's state-owned Bangkok Mass Transit System (BMTS) issued a total of THB3.9 billion of bonds, and state-owned Provincial Electricity Authority issued THB1.1 billion of 10-year bonds with a coupon of 4.25%. 

* Government bond yields fell last week for all tenors in Indonesia, and for most tenors in the PRC; Hong Kong, China; Malaysia; the Philippines; Singapore; and Thailand, while yields rose for most tenors in the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam. Yield spreads between 2- and 10- year maturities widened in Indonesia and Thailand, while spreads narrowed in most other emerging East Asian markets.

Monday 1 August

With the debt ceiling "compromise" deal still in flux, although at least according to the FX market expected to be approved shortly, despite the protestations of liberal democrats (one wonders if Obama will accuse said group of hostage tactics much as he accused conservative republicans of the same last week), below is what the current shape of the proposed deal looks like courtesy of the WSJ's Washington Wire blog.

Here's the outline of the debt ceiling deal as of now, according to officials on both sides:

$900 billion in the first stage of deficit reduction. 

WASHINGTON – 

President Obama announced Sunday night that a deal between the House and Senate has been reached to raise the debt ceiling. Obama says the deal will end the crisis and remove the cloud over the economy.

The president's announcement came in just as the Asian markets opened, helping to not only boost stocks, but also to raise the US Dollar.

White House, Lawmakers Bang out Deal

Details on the deal as still coming out. Various media outlets have reported that officials on both sides of the debate say the deal will include the following:

The debt ceiling would be raised in three phases, starting at over $900 billion 

$900 billion in spending cuts over 10 years so they don't create a drag on the economy 

A bipartisan committee would then find more cuts 

A vote on a balanced budget amendment, but no guarantee that it will pass 

Even though a deal has been reached, it doesn't mean this is over. A vote is still needed in both chambers. However, leadership on both sides of the aisle in the Senate say they support the deal.

Democratic Majority Leader Harry Reid said that both his party and opposition Republicans gave more ground than they wanted to. He said it'll take members of both political parties to pass the measure.

Minority Leader Mitch McConnell said that the pact "will ensure significant cuts in Washington spending" and he assured the markets that a first-ever default on U.S. obligations won't occur. Both the leaders said they will brief their colleagues tomorrow on the details of the agreement.

House Speaker John Boehner announced the deal to lawmakers during a conference call Sunday night. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi said she would take the plan to her fellow representatives Monday.

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Senate blocks Reid plan

Senate Republicans have blocked action on a Democratic approach to resolving the debt-ceiling crisis. It was a test vote largely unrelated to the talks between the White House and congressional leaders on a compromise that can clear both the House and Senate.

The Senate voted 50-49 to clear a procedural hurdle toward consideration of a bill put forth by Majority Leader Harry Reid. Sixty votes were needed to advance the measure. Reid himself was one of the people to vote against the deal, though no one has said why.

The outcome of the vote on Sunday did not affect the effort to come up with a compromise to stop the debt crisis, in which the government would be unable to meet all its debt obligations.

Tuesday, August 2 is the deadline the US Treasury Department says the debt ceiling must be raised by, otherwise the country will not be able to pay all of its bills. Several Wall Street analysis groups say the deadline is probably closer August 8-15.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the debt ceiling?

A: It's a legal limit on how much debt the government can accumulate. The government takes on debt two ways: It borrows money from investors by issuing Treasury bonds, and it borrows from itself, mostly from the Social Security trust fund, which comes from payroll taxes. Congress created the debt limit in 1917. It's unique to the United States. Most countries let their debts rise automatically when government spending outpaces tax revenue. Congress has increased the debt limit 10 times since 2001.

Q: What is the federal deficit, and how does it differ from the debt?

A: The deficit is how much government spending exceeds tax revenue during a year. Last year, the deficit was $1.29 trillion. The debt is the sum of deficits past and present. Right now, the national debt totals $14.3 trillion _ a ceiling set in 2010.

Q: Why is the prospect of not raising the debt ceiling so worrisome?

A: The government now borrows more than 40 cents of each dollar it spends. If the debt ceiling does not rise, the government would need to choose what to pay and what not, including benefits like Social Security, wages for the military or other bills. It also might delay interest payments on Treasury bonds. Any default could lead to financial panic weakening the country's credit rating, the dollar and the already hobbled economy. Interest rates would likely rise, increasing the cost of borrowing for the government and ordinary Americans.

Q: Who holds the $14.3 trillion in outstanding U.S. debt?

A: The U.S. government owes itself $4.6 trillion, mostly borrowed from Social Security revenues. The remaining $9.7 trillion is owed to investors in Treasury securities _ banks, pension funds, individual investors, state and local governments and foreign investors and governments. Nearly half of that _ $4.5 trillion _ is held by foreigners including China with $1.15 trillion and Japan with $907 billion.

Q: How did the debt grow from $5.8 trillion in 2001 to its current $14.3 trillion?

A: The biggest contributors to the nearly $9 trillion increase over a decade were:

2001 and 2003 tax cuts under President George W. Bush: $1.6 trillion. 

Additional interest costs: $1.4 trillion. 

Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan: $1.3 trillion. 

Economic stimulus package under Obama: $800 billion. 

2010 tax cuts, a compromise by Obama and Republicans that extended jobless benefits and cut payroll taxes: $400 billion. 

2003 creation of Medicare's prescription drug benefit: $300 billion. 

2008 financial industry bailout: $200 billion. 

Hundreds of billions less in revenue than expected since the Great Recession began in December 2007. 

Other spending increases in domestic, farm and defense programs, adding lesser amounts. 

Munoth Communication (MUNOTHI) is engaged in the business of trading in mobile phones. It was incorporated in 1984 and got its present name on April 5, 2003